中国政府


中国对欧盟政策文件

二００三年十月

　　

　　前 言 　　

　　世纪之初，国际形势发生深刻变化。世界多极化和经济全球化趋势继续曲折发展，和平与发展仍是时代主题。世界还很不安宁，人类仍面临诸多严峻挑战，但维护世界和平，促进发展，加强合作，事关各国人民的福祉，是各国人民的共同愿望和追求，是不可阻挡的历史潮流。

　　中国致力于全面建设小康社会，希望营造良好的国际环境。中国将一如既往奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，同世界各国一道，在和平共处五项原则基础上，推动建立公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序，尊重世界的多样性，促进国际关系民主化，维护世界和平，谋求共同发展。

　　欧盟是世界上一支重要力量。中国政府赞赏欧盟及其成员国重视发展对华关系。中国政府首次制订对欧盟政策文件，旨在昭示中国对欧盟的政策目标，规划今后５年的合作领域和相关措施，加强同欧盟的全面合作，推动中欧关系长期稳定发展。　　

　　第一部分：欧盟的地位与作用 　　

　　欧盟的诞生和发展是战后具有深远影响的事件。自１９５２年欧洲煤钢共同体建立以来，欧盟历经关税同盟、统一大市场、经货联盟等发展阶段，其外交、防务及社会各领域的联合均取得进展，欧元成功流通，统一司法区正在形成。欧盟已成为当今世界一体化程度最高、综合实力雄厚的国家联合体，经济总量和贸易总额分别占全球２５％和３５％，人均收入和对外投资居世界前列。

　　２００４年，欧盟将扩至２５国。一个囊括东西欧、面积４００万平方公里、人口４．５亿、国内生产总值逾１０万亿美元的新欧盟行将出现。

　　欧盟的发展尽管仍面临诸多困难和挑战，但其一体化进程已不可逆转，未来欧盟将在地区和国际事务中发挥越来越重要作用。 　　

　　第二部分：中国对欧盟政策 　　

　　中国重视欧盟在地区和国际事务中的作用和影响。历史证明，１９７５年中国与欧洲经济共同体建立外交关系符合双方的利益。中欧关系有过波折，但总体发展良好并日趋成熟，已步入全面健康发展的轨道。１９９８年，中欧领导人年度会晤机制起步。２００１年，中欧建立全面伙伴关系。双方在政治、经贸、科技、文教等领域的磋商日益密切，合作成果显著。中欧关系处于历史最好时期。

　　中欧之间不存在根本利害冲突，互不构成威胁。由于历史文化传统、政治制度和经济发展阶段的差异，中欧在某些问题上存在不同看法和分歧是正常的。只要本着平等和相互尊重的精神妥善处理，分歧不会成为中欧发展互信互利关系的障碍。

　　中欧之间的共同点远远超过分歧。中欧都主张国际关系民主化，主张加强联合国作用，反对国际恐怖主义，主张消除贫困，保护环境，实现可持续发展；中欧各具经济优势，互补性强。欧盟经济发达，技术先进，资金雄厚。中国经济持续增长，市场广大，劳动力资源丰富。双方经贸和技术合作前景广阔；中欧各有悠久历史和灿烂文明，都主张加强文化交流，相互借鉴。中欧在政治经济文化方面的共识与互动构成中欧关系不断发展的坚实基础。

　　加强与不断发展中欧关系是中国外交政策的重要组成部分。中国致力于构筑中欧长期稳定的全面伙伴关系。中国对欧盟的政策目标是：

　　━━互尊互信，求同存异，促进政治关系健康稳定发展，共同维护世界和平与稳定。

　　━━互利互惠，平等协商，深化经贸合作，推动共同发展。

　　━━互鉴互荣，取长补短，扩大人文交流，促进东西方文化的和谐与进步。 　　

　　第三部分：加强中欧各领域合作 　　

　　一、政治方面

　　（一）加强高层交往与政治对话

　　━━以多种方式保持双方高层的密切接触与及时沟通。

　　━━发挥中欧领导人年度会晤功能，充实内涵，注重实效，加强协调。

　　━━认真执行中欧政治对话协议，不断完善和加强各级别的定期和不定期磋商机制。

　　━━深化同欧盟各成员国，包括新成员国的关系，维护中欧总体关系的稳定性和连续性。

　　（二）恪守一个中国原则

　　一个中国原则是中欧关系政治基础的重要组成部分。妥善处理台湾问题关系到中欧关系的稳定发展。中方赞赏欧盟及其成员国恪守一个中国的原则，希望欧方始终尊重中方在台湾问题上的重大关切，警惕台湾当局制造“两个中国”、“一中一台”的图谋，慎重处理涉台问题：

　　━━不允许台政要以任何借口赴欧盟及成员国活动，不与台当局进行任何具有官方性质的接触与往来。

　　━━不支持台加入只有主权国家参加的国际组织。台以“台湾、澎湖、金门、马祖单独关税区”（简称“中国台北”）名义加入世界贸易组织不意味台湾作为中国一部分的地位有任何改变，与台交往应严格限制在非官方和民间范畴。

　　━━不售台武器和可用于军事目的的设备、物资及技术。

　　（三）鼓励港、澳与欧盟合作

　　中国中央政府支持和鼓励香港特别行政区和澳门特别行政区按照“一国两制”方针和基本法的规定在平等互利基础上发展与欧盟的友好合作关系。

　　（四）推动欧盟了解西藏

　　中国鼓励欧方各界人士到西藏访问；欢迎欧盟及其成员国在尊重中国法律、法规的前提下为西藏经济、文教和社会发展提供支持，开展合作；要求欧方不与所谓“西藏流亡政府”接触，不为达赖集团的分裂活动提供便利。

　　（五）继续开展人权对话

　　中欧在人权问题上有共识，但也存在分歧。中方赞赏欧盟坚持对话、不搞对抗的立场，愿在平等和相互尊重基础上同欧盟继续开展人权对话、交流与合作，互通信息，增进了解，深化包括经社文权利、弱势群体权利保障在内的合作。

　　（六）加强国际合作

　　━━就重大国际和地区热点问题加强磋商与协调。

　　━━加强中欧在联合国合作，共同维护联合国权威；推动联合国在保障世界和平，促进经济与社会发展，特别是在帮助发展中国家消除贫困、改善全球环境、禁毒等领域发挥主导作用，并支持联合国改革。

　　━━推动亚欧合作进程。中欧共同努力，使亚欧会议成为洲际平等合作的典范、东西方文明交流的渠道和建立国际政治经济新秩序的推动力量。

　　━━共同打击恐怖主义。中欧都是恐怖主义的受害者，都反对一切形式的恐怖主义，也反对将恐怖主义与特定国家、民族或宗教挂钩，中欧应在反恐方面保持密切接触与合作。

　　━━共同维护国际军控、裁军与防扩散体系，在相互尊重的基础上加强磋商与协调；在防扩散出口控制领域和防止外空武器化及外空军备竞赛等方面加强交流与合作；共同为解决杀伤人员地雷、战争遗留爆炸物等问题做出贡献；加强在履行国际军控条约方面的合作。

　　（七）增进中欧立法机构间的相互了解

　　中国全国人民代表大会与欧盟成员国议会及欧洲议会的关系是中欧关系的重要组成部分。中国政府欢迎并支持双方立法机构在相互尊重、加深了解、求同存异、发展合作的基础上加强交流与对话。

　　（八）增加中欧政党往来

　　中国政府愿意看到欧盟各主要政党、议会党团及区域性政党组织在独立自主、完全平等、互相尊重、互不干涉内部事务的原则基础上同中国共产党增加交往与合作。　　

　　二、经济方面

　　（一）经贸合作

　　中国致力于发展中欧富有活力和长期稳定的经贸合作关系，并期待欧盟成为中国最大贸易与投资伙伴：

　　━━发挥经贸混委会机制作用，加强经贸监管政策对话；适时考虑更新《中欧贸易与经济合作协定》；运用ＷＴＯ规则，妥善解决不合理限制及技术性壁垒，放宽高技术出口限制，发挥技贸合作的巨大潜力；尽早给予中国“完全市场经济地位”，减少并消除对华反倾销及有关歧视性政策和做法，慎用“特保措施”；合理补偿因欧盟扩大对中方经贸利益的减损。

　　━━加强中欧在世界贸易组织新一轮谈判中的协调与合作，共同推动谈判获得成功。

　　━━加强投资对话，推动建立双边投资促进机构，积极引导双方企业相互投资，扩大中小企业合作；开展加工贸易、承包工程和各种劳务合作，鼓励跨国经营和国际化生产。

　　━━欢迎欧盟增加对华发展援助，特别是在环保、扶贫、卫生保健、教育等领域的援助。同时也欢迎在加强人力资源培训、尤其是对中国中西部的人员培训、中国参与多边贸易体制的能力建设等方面发挥作用。

　　━━加强在质量监督检验检疫领域的合作，建立磋商机制，在维护安全、卫生、健康、环保的原则下，及时解决影响双方产品市场准入的问题。

　　━━加强海关合作，适时签署中欧海关协定。

　　（二）金融合作

　　建立健全中欧金融高层对话机制，扩大中欧央行间的政策交流，深化在防范金融危机、反恐融资和反洗钱方面的合作。中方欢迎欧盟成员国银行拓展对华业务，希望妥善解决中国金融机构在欧盟的市场准入问题。

　　中方将依照保险法规及入世承诺，积极审核欧盟成员国保险机构来华营业申请，完善监管法规体系。

　　加强证券立法、市场监管、投资运作合作，鼓励更多的欧盟成员国证券经营机构、基金管理机构以及其他机构投资者进入中国市场，也鼓励中国证券经营机构在条件成熟时进入欧盟证券市场，同时积极支持中国企业进入欧盟证券市场融资。

　　（三）农业合作

　　加强中欧在农业生产、农产品加工技术、可持续发展等方面的交流，发挥农业工作组会议机制的作用，推动双方农业科研机构、院校和企业间的合作。鼓励欧盟企业积极参与中国中西部农业开发，向农业高新技术、农产品深加工、农业基础设施建设等领域投资。

　　（四）环保合作

　　加强中欧在环保领域的沟通与合作，启动中欧环境部长对话机制，制定环境保护合作框架文件，探讨建立环境合作信息网络，加强双方在环境立法与管理、气候变化、生物多样性保护、生物安全管理以及贸易与环境等问题上的合作，并共同推动落实约翰内斯堡可持续发展世界首脑会议后续行动。鼓励民间环保组织的交流；鼓励欧方企业通过平等竞争更多进入中国环保市场。

　　（五）信息技术合作

　　欢迎欧盟参与中国信息化建设。加强中欧信息社会对话工作组机制，开展信息社会战略、政策法规的交流与对话，积极促进信息产品贸易和产业技术合作，鼓励扩大知识产权、技术标准的交流。促进在“数字奥运”领域的合作。

　　（六）能源合作

　　扩大中欧在能源结构、清洁能源、可再生能源、提高能效和节能等领域的合作，促进能源发展政策交流，办好中欧能源合作大会，加强能源工作组机制，推动能源技术培训和示范项目合作，促进技术的推广和转移。

　　（七）交通合作

　　在《中欧海运协定》框架下建立中欧定期会晤机制，开展在海运及海事领域的合作，加强在国际海事组织（ＩＭＯ）等国际组织中的协调配合；深化和扩大双方在内河航运政策、航运安全和船舶标准化等方面的交流，继续拓展在公路领域的技术、管理合作与交流，加强公路运输立法的对话与交流。

　　深化中欧在民用航空领域的交流，加强企业间生产、技术、管理和培训合作。

　　三、教、科、文、卫等方面

　　（一）科技合作

　　在互利互惠、成果共享、保护知识产权的原则基础上，推动中欧科技合作：加强双方共性技术和重大技术装备的联合开发与合作，鼓励中国机构参加欧盟科技框架计划；在平等互利和权利与义务平衡的前提下参加“伽利略”计划，加强在国际大科学领域的合作；充分发挥中欧科技合作指导委员会的作用，办好中欧科技与创新政策论坛；鼓励双方科技中介机构的合作和科技人力资源的流动和培训，支持中欧企业参与科技合作。

　　（二）文化交流

　　中国将以更加开放的姿态，巩固和深化与欧盟成员国在文化领域的交流与合作，逐步形成中国与欧盟、欧盟成员国及其地方政府，以及民间、商业等多层次、全方位的文化交流框架，为中欧人民相互了解对方优秀文化提供便利。

　　中国将逐步在欧盟成员国首都及欧盟总部布鲁塞尔建立中国文化中心，也欢迎欧方根据对等、互利原则，在北京设文化中心；鼓励中欧共同举办高水平的文化交流活动，开拓文化产业合作的新模式；探讨建立中欧文化合作磋商机制和共同举办“中欧文化论坛”。

　　（三）教育合作

　　加强和扩大各层次的交流，适时建立中欧教育合作磋商机制，强化在学历学位互认、留学生交流、语言教学、互换奖学金生、教师培训等方面的合作，办好中欧国际工商管理学院，培养更多高层次人才。相互鼓励和支持语言教学。

　　（四）卫生医疗合作

　　加强在卫生领域的合作，特别是就非典型肺炎（ＳＡＲＳ）、艾滋病等重大疾病相互借鉴预防与控制经验；积极开展临床诊断和治疗、流行病调查、分析和监测、实验室检测、医药和疫苗科研开发，以及卫生人员培训等方面的交流；探索建立发生突发性公共卫生应急事件相互通报信息、提供技术支持的机制。

　　（五）新闻交流

　　促进中欧新闻界的交流与合作，鼓励双方传媒加强相互了解，全面、客观报道对方情况。加强中欧间政府相关部门的联系和沟通，交流政府新闻发布工作及处理好政府同传媒关系的做法和经验。

　　（六）人员往来

　　鼓励中欧人员往来和民间团体交往，愿本着平等和互惠互利的原则，就开放欧盟国家为中国公民出境旅游目的地国事宜尽早达成协议。

　　加强和扩大中欧领事合作，通过协商尽早解决中国公民赴欧申请入境签证难及入境受阻等问题，维护公民合法权益，保障中欧人员的正常往来。

　　反对非法移民和偷渡活动，严格执法，打击违法犯罪。中欧双方应加强协商与配合，妥善处理由此引发的遣返等问题。

　　四、社会、司法、行政方面

　　（一）劳动和社会保障合作

　　加强中欧在移民就业与移民工人劳动权益领域的合作，扩大在国际劳工事务中的协调。商签中欧双边社会保险协定，落实中欧社会保障合作项目，扩大在各类社会保险方面的交流。

　　（二）司法交流

　　在平等和相互尊重的基础上，继续进行中欧法律与司法合作项目并拓展相关合作领域，扩大在司法改革等重点领域的交流，探讨在打击跨国犯罪等方面的司法合作。加强中欧法律监督领域的经验交流，研究建立中欧高级司法官员年度会议制度。

　　（三）警务合作

　　建立并加强与欧盟机构、欧洲警察组织（ＥＵＲＯＰＯＬ）的交流，拓展与欧盟成员国执法部门的实质性合作，在双方法律框架下加强协查办案和情报交流。共同支持并积极参与联合国维和等行动。

　　（四）行政合作

　　在转变政府职能、深化人事制度改革方面交流经验，探讨建立中欧人事行政合作机制，就公务员制度建设和人才资源开发开展交流。

　　五、军事方面

　　保持中欧高层军事交往，逐步完善和发展战略安全磋商机制，扩大军队专业团组交流，增加军官培训和防务研讨交流。

　　欧盟应早日解除对华军售禁令，为拓宽中欧军工军技合作扫清障碍。


The Similar And Different Regulations
On Industrial Designs
Between China And Canada
He Zijing

Abstract:
With China entering WTO, more and more Chinese industrial designers want to apply internationally to register their designs outside China. This paper shows you the detailed comparison about regulations concerning industrial designs between China and Canada, gives some suggestions about the process to register internationally to protect Chinese applier. Some hints imposed on the difference between the two countries will help to improve our patent law.
KEYWORDS:
Industrial design, China, Canada
1. General introduction on industrial designs
1.1 What is an industrial design?
1.1.1 Of WIPO
An industrial design is the ornamental of aesthetic aspect of an article. The design may consist of three-dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color. Industrial designs are applied to a wide variety of products of industry and handicraft. To be protected under most national laws, an industrial design must appeal to the eye. This means that an industrial design is primarily of an aesthetic nature, and does not protect any technical features of the article to which it is applied.
1.1.2 Of CHINA
Design in the Patent Law means any new design of the shape, the pattern or their combination, or the combination of the color with shape or pattern, of a product with creates an aesthetic feeling and it fits for industrial application.
1.1.3 Of CANADA
Design of industrial design means features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament and any combination of those features that, in a finished article, appeal to and are judged solely by the eye.
1.2 Other forms of Intellectual Property
In China, Intellectual property can be generally classified as patent, copyright, trademark. Patents, or in other words, inventions-creations, mean inventions, utility models and designs. So that the designs are one of the subdivisions of patents.
Whereas, in Canada, in addition to industrial designs, there other forms of intellectual property, as patents, copyrights, and integrated circuit topographies. Hereby, patents cover new inventions (process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter), or any new and useful improvement of an existing invention. So that industrial designs have the equal statues to patents, as one of the subdivisions of intellectual property.
1.3 Why protect industrial designs?
Industrial designs are what make an article attractive and appealing; hence, they add to the commercial value of a product and increase its marketability.
When an industrial design is protected, the owner-the person or entity that has registered the design-is assured an exclusive right against unauthorized copying or imitation of the design by third parties. This helps to ensure a fair return on investment. An effective system of protection also benefits consumers and the public at large, by promoting fair competition and honest trade practices, encouraging creativity, and promoting more aesthetically attractive product.
Protecting industrial designs helps economic development, by encouraging creativity in the industrial and manufacturing sectors, as well as in the traditional arts and crafts. They contribute to the expansion of commercial activities and the export of national products.
Industrial designs can be relatively simple and inexpensive to develop and protect. They are reasonably accessible to small and medium-sized enterprises as well as to individual artists and craftsmen, in both industrialized and developing countries.
1.4 How can industrial designs be protected?
In most countries, an industrial design must be registered in order to be protected under Industrial Design Law. As for China, the regulations on design are under the Patent Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and its implementing regulations; As for Canada, The Industrial Design Act and Industrial Design Regulations details the regulations that govern design rights. As a general rule, to be registerable, the design must be “new” or “original”. Different countries have varying definitions of such terms, as well as variations in the registration process itself. Generally, “new” means that no identical or very similar design is known to have existed before.
Depending on the particular national law and the kind of design, an industrial design may also be protected as a work of art under copyright.
2.The main difference concerning registration
2.1 When to file an application
There is no time limit for filing an application as long as the design had never been published. The term “published” means that the design has been made public (even to your neighbors) or offered for commercial sale or use anywhere in the world. It is best to file an quickly as possible if publication has occurred.
In china, an design application does not lose its novelty where, within six months before the date of filing, one of the following events occurred: [1] where it was first exhibited at an international exhibition sponsored of recognized by the Chinese Government;[2]where it was first made public at a prescribed academic or technological meeting;[3]when it was disclosed by any person without the consent of the applicant.
In Canada, the design shall be refused to be registered if the application is filed more than one year after the publication of the design in Canada of somewhere.
2.2 who can apply?
Only the proprietor of a design may apply for and obtain registration for an industrial design both in China and Canada, while there exists little difference between the two countries on the question that who can be defined as proprietor.[1] usually you are considered the proprietor if you have created the design;[2] if you work together with other person to creat a design, you should file for registration as joint proprietors ( unless you are all working under contract or commission );[3] if you have acquired ownership of a design, then you may apply;[4] if you are employee of a company and develop design as part of your employment, then the employer may be the proprietor. In that case, only the employer may apply in Canada; while in china, the entity and the inventor or creator may enter into a contract in which the right to apply for and own the exclusive right is provided for;[5] if you have been hired under contract to develop design for someone else, then that person is the proprietor and is the only one entitled to apply for registration in Canada; whereas in that case in China, the right to apply for registration belongs, unless otherwise agreed upon, to the entity or individual that made the design.
2.3 What requirements to make designs registerable?
In Canada, the minister shall register the design if the minister finds that it is not identical with or dose not so closely resemble any other design already registered as to be confounded therewith, and shall return to the proprietor thereof the drawing or photograph and description with the certificate required.
In China, any design for which patent fight may be granted must not be identical with and similar to any design which, before the date of falling has been publicly disclosed in publications in the country or abroad or has been publicly used in the country, and must not be in conflict with any prior right of any other person.
2.4 What you cannot register?
In Canada, you cannot register the following under the Industrial Design Act: [1] Designs that are utilitarian only and which are not intended to provide visual appeal; [2] Designs that have no fixed appearance; [3] Designs for components that are not clearly visible; [4] a method of construction; [5] an idea; [6] materials used in the construction of an article; [7] the useful function of the article; or [8] color.
In China, for any of the following, no patent right shall be granted: [1] scientific discoveries;[2] rules and methods for mental activities;[3] methods for diagnoses or for the treatment for the diseases;[4] animal and plant varieties;[5] substances obtained by means of nuclear transformation.
From the above regulations, we can see that the Chinese regulations is more generic for all of the three types of creation-inventions; and the Canadian’s is more special in detail on designs. So we should absorb some of them in our implementing regulations of patent law.
2.5 searching of office record prior to filing an application
Prior to filing an application, you may wish to conduct a search of office records in order to better determine whether your design is truly new and original. This will give you the opportunity to see other registered designs. You should also keep your design confidential.
2.6 How long the process takes?
In Canada, the Office dose not register any design until six months after the date of filing. Normally it takes between eight and twelve months to have your application examined. While in china, there is no such kind of provisions concerning the term of process of designs.
2.7 Duration of protection
Both in the two countries, duration of protection of industrial designs is for ten-year term, while the beginning date is quite different. In Canada, it is the date of registration-usually six months after the date of filing; in china, it is the date of filing. Once the ten-year term has expired, anyone is free to make, import, rent or sell etc., the designs.
2.8 Extension of protection
In Canada, your application must include a description which identifies the features that constitute the design since the court may use your description to help determine the limits of protection for your design, you should word your description with care and precision. If your description is too broad, you may over-extend the scope of the design, and it may be impossible to enforce. If it is too narrow, you may limit the scope of the design or leave out features that you intended to protect.